Based on a report prepared by the external evaluator Ecorys, the European Commission has evaluated the impact of the European Capitals of Culture action, confirming the initiative’s transformative role for cities and citizens alike. 

Since its creation in 1985, the European Capitals of Culture has been a flagship cultural action of the EU. Now in its 40th year, the initiative continues to deliver remarkable results. The evaluation confirms it remains an impactful, cost-efficient and highly relevant driver of cultural and social transformation across Europe.

The European Commission prepared the evaluation report based on the external study from Ecorys Europe and KEA European Affairs. The evaluation used a broad set of data collection and analytical techniques to carry out its analysis of the European Capitals of Culture action, by looking at the effect of the title for all cities that held the title between 2013 and 2023, as well as cities bidding for the titles for the selection of the 2020-2028 years.

Findings of the evaluation

Attracting more visitors

The evaluation found that between 2013 and 2022, host cities staged on average 1 000 to 1 200 cultural activities per title year, attracting an audience of 38.5 million people in total. Visitor numbers increased by 30–40% on average in selected cities, boosting international visibility and cultural tourism. 

Attracting more investment

The action is also cost-effective: with only €3–5 million annual EU support, it leveraged around €900 million in cultural investment across Europe.

Longer term effects

The evaluation also highlights the initiative’s broader legacy: Cities receiving the title often see cultural budgets increase, with long-term benefits in urban regeneration, civic participation, and strengthened cultural and creative sectors. The action fosters inclusivity, engaging populations that do not always engage with culture.

European dimensions

The report underscores the initiative’s added value in building international cultural cooperation, enhancing Europe’s cultural diplomacy, and promoting a shared European identity.

As the European Capitals of Culture action moves forward, the evaluation has been adopted ahead of the work on the future legal basis for the action which will cover the years after 2033.